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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

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  • Human Evolution Research
    • Climate and Human Evolution
      • Climate Effects on Human Evolution
      • Survival of the Adaptable
      • Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
    • East African Research Projects
      • Olorgesailie Field Blog
      • Olorgesailie Drilling Project
      • Kanam, Kenya
      • Kanjera, Kenya
      • Ol Pejeta, Kenya
      • Olorgesailie, Kenya
      • Evolution of Human Innovation
      • Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive
    • Asian Research Projects
      • 'Hobbits' on Flores, Indonesia
      • Earliest Humans in China
      • Bose, China
    • Anthropocene: The Age of Humans
    • Fossil Forensics: Interactive
    • What's Hot in Human Origins?
    • Digital Archive of Ungulate and Carnivore Dentition
  • Human Evolution Evidence
    • Behavior
      • Primate Behavior
      • Footprints
      • Stone Tools
      • Getting Food
      • Carrying & Storing
      • Hearths & Shelters
      • Burial
      • Recording Information
      • Making Clothing
      • Art & Music
    • Human Fossils
      • Species
      • Fossils
      • Mystery Skull Interactive
      • Shanidar 3 - Neanderthal Skeleton
    • 3D Collection
      • Artifacts
      • Fossils
      • Primates
    • Genetics
      • One Species, Living Worldwide
      • Human Skin Color Variation
      • Ancient DNA and Neanderthals
    • Dating
    • Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
    • Human Family Tree
    • Snapshots in Time
  • Human Characteristics
    • Walking Upright
    • Tools & Food
    • Bodies
    • Brains
    • Social Life
    • Language & Symbols
    • Humans Change the World
  • Education
    • Introduction to Human Evolution
    • Lesson Plans
    • For College Students
    • Fun Facts
    • Human Origins Glossary
    • Learning Unity and Diversity in Alabama
    • Teaching Evolution through Human Examples
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Recommended Books
  • Exhibit
    • Exhibit Floorplan
      • Exhibit Floorplan Interactive
      • Print Floorplan PDF
    • Reconstructions of Early Humans
    • Human Origins Traveling Exhibit
    • Human Origins Do it Yourself Exhibit
    • Exhibit Field Trip Guide
  • About Us
    • Acknowledgments
    • Events
    • Human Origins Program Team
    • Broader Social Impacts Committee
      • What We Do
      • Members & Member Resources
      • Members Thoughts on Science, Religion & Human Origins (video)
      • Science, Religion, Evolution and Creationism: Primer
      • BSIC Public Event Videos and Audio
    • Become Involved
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    • For Press
  • Multimedia
    • Slideshows
    • Videos
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  • Anthropocene: The Age of Humans

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  • Interactive Timeline

    Image of figurines, bone and stone tools
  • Digital Collection

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  • Adventures in the Rift Valley

    Image of illustration of Homo erectus group butchering a dead elephant
  • Support Our Work

    Image of human hand reaching out to primate hand.
  • Hall of Human Origins

    Image of reconstructed faces of three early humans in profile view

Visit the Exhibit

More Resources >>
Human Origins Exhibit Entrance

What Does It Mean To Be Human?

Submit Your Answer or Explore Others >>
Being human means being a member of the dominant species on planet earth--- and all the awesome responsibilities that go along with that!

- Bob, Cincinnati, OH

To be human means to have a brain and the ability to think, opposable thumbs, to be bipedal, to be able to talk to communicate

- Erin, South Africa

Being human has only one goal that is to worship Allah

- Taqwa, Malaysia

To be human means to feel emotion to certain events in life. To be able to feel grief and sadness about a traumatic and sad time in the individual's life, or to feel joy and happiness when something good happens.

- Charlotte, NSW Australia

The combination of metacognition and the ability to experience, and in some cases control our emotions; then add the ability to make conscious choices… choosing good over evil is the epitome of what it means to be human.

- Billy, North Carolina, USA

Being human means to carry the image of God allowing us to differentiate between moral right and wrong and have a capacity to love one another.

- Matt, Florida

Being the product of millions of years of biological and social evolution. Being human means being the most versatile species on Earth.

- Andrea Gyori, Romania

To be human is to be constantly learning, and to strive to utilize the gift of intellect for the betterment of society.

- Evan, Jersey City, NJ

To decide if you will be one who makes life better for yourself or for others, and then discovering what everyone looks for in death.

- Jarrod, Age 15, Seattle, WA, USA

To be human is to ask, "What does it mean to be human?"

- Tom, Memphis, TN

Knowing, understanding and often changing the world. We know how to adapt and know why we are adapting or in some cases adapting our environment to suit ourselves. We have a good grasp of how the Universe started, how we evolved and the Universe’s future.

- Jerry, Sydney, Australia

To be a true Human means, you are the filter through which the universe watches itself.

- Eishan, Earth

Featured Research

View more Human Evolution Research >>
image of Homo floresiensis; LB1, skeleton

'Hobbits' on Flores, Indonesia

New digs and geological dating in Liang Bua Cave, Indonesia, show that Homo floresiensis, nicknamed the “hobbit” for its small size, became extinct around 50,000 years ago – tens of thousands of years earlier than originally thought.

For Teachers

More Resources >>

AP Biology Curriculum Materials

Are you an AP Biology teacher? Click here for freely downloadable curriculum materials aligned to the AP learning objectives that use human case studies to teach core evolutionary principles and a resource to help teachers create a comfortable and supportive classroom environment for teaching evolution.

Lesson Plans

Comparison of Human and Chimp Chromosomes (Grades 9-12)

Investigating Common Descent: Formulating Explanations and Models (Grades 9-12)

Human Evolution: Religious Perspectives

More Resources >>

The Hall of Human Origins offers a welcoming place to explore one of the most exciting areas of science, the study of human evolution. Despite strong public interest in the science, however, many people find this topic troubling when viewed from a religious perspective. Representatives of diverse religious communities encourage a larger, more respectful understanding of both the scientific evidence and religious belief.

Featured Media

View all Multimedia >>
Rock or stone tool

How To Tell a Rock from a Stone Tool

How can you tell if a rock is actually an early stone tool? Watch this video to find out.

Video Thumbnail of Rick Potts from "Designing the Exhibition"

Designing the Exhibition

This video takes you behind-the-scenes into the process of designing and building the Smithsonian's Hall of Human Origins.

Fun Facts

The “Nutcracker”

In 1959, paleoanthropologist Dr. Mary Leakey discovered a skull of Paranthropus boisei, our close evolutionary cousin who survived for about 1.5 million years. Her husband, Louis Leakey, aptly nicknamed this early human fossil “Nutcracker Man” because of its large teeth and robust jaw. Yet study of wear caused by food on teeth shows that Paranthropus didn’t usually crack hard foods, but more likely relied on tough foods, such as tubers and roots, to survive. This would require powerful chewing and grinding, and big teeth!

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Site Last Updated: September 28, 2026
  • Human Evolution Research
    • Climate and Human Evolution
      • Climate Effects on Human Evolution
      • Survival of the Adaptable
      • Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
    • East African Research Projects
      • Olorgesailie Field Blog
        • 2011 Olorgesailie Dispatches
        • 2004 Olorgesailie Dispatches
        • 1999 Olorgesailie Dispatches
      • Olorgesailie Drilling Project
      • Kanam, Kenya
      • Kanjera, Kenya
      • Ol Pejeta, Kenya
      • Olorgesailie, Kenya
      • Evolution of Human Innovation
      • Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive
    • Asian Research Projects
      • 'Hobbits' on Flores, Indonesia
      • Earliest Humans in China
      • Bose, China
    • Anthropocene: The Age of Humans
    • Fossil Forensics: Interactive
    • What's Hot in Human Origins?
    • Digital Archive of Ungulate and Carnivore Dentition
      • Instructions
      • Carnivore Dentition
      • Ungulate Dentition
  • Human Evolution Evidence
    • Behavior
      • Primate Behavior
      • Footprints
        • Footprints from Koobi Fora, Kenya
        • Laetoli Footprint Trails
        • Footprints from Engare Sero, Tanzania
      • Stone Tools
        • Early Stone Age Tools
          • Hammerstone from Majuangou, China
          • Handaxe and Tektites from Bose, China
          • Handaxe from Europe
          • Handaxe from India
          • Oldowan Tools from Lokalalei, Kenya
          • Olduvai Chopper
          • Stone Tools from Majuangou, China
        • Middle Stone Age Tools
        • Later Stone Age Tools
          • Burin from Laugerie Haute & Basse, Dordogne, France
          • La Madeleine, Dordogne, France
      • Getting Food
        • Bone Tools
        • Butchered Animal Bones from Gona, Ethiopia
        • Katanda Bone Harpoon Point
        • Oldest Wooden Spear
        • Punctured Horse Shoulder Blade
        • Stone Sickle Blades
        • Projectile Point
      • Carrying & Storing
        • Oldest Pottery
        • Pottery Fragment
      • Hearths & Shelters
        • Fire-Altered Stone Tools
        • Terra Amata Shelter
      • Burial
        • Qafzeh: Oldest Intentional Burial
      • Recording Information
        • Assyrian Cylinder Seal
        • Blombos Ocher Plaque
        • Ishango Bone
      • Making Clothing
        • Bone Awls
        • Bone and Ivory Needles
      • Art & Music
        • Figurines
          • Carved Ivory Running Lion
          • Female torso in ivory
          • Ivory Horse Figurine
          • Ivory Horse Sculpture
          • Lady of Brassempouy
          • Lion-Man Figurine
          • Willendorf Venus
        • Jewelry
          • Ancient Shell Beads
          • Carved Bone Disc
          • Cro-Magnon Shell Bead Necklace
          • Oldest Known Shell Beads
        • Musical Instruments
          • Ancient Flute
        • Rock Art
          • Ancient Pigments
          • Apollo 11 Plaque
        • Other Decorated Objects
          • Carved antler baton with horses
          • Geometric incised bone rectangle
          • Tata Plaque
    • Human Fossils
      • Species
      • Fossils
      • Mystery Skull Interactive
      • Shanidar 3 - Neanderthal Skeleton
    • 3D Collection
      • Artifacts
      • Fossils
      • Primates
    • Genetics
      • One Species, Living Worldwide
      • Human Skin Color Variation
      • Ancient DNA and Neanderthals
    • Dating
    • Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
    • Human Family Tree
    • Snapshots in Time
      • Swartkrans, South Africa
      • Olorgesailie, Kenya
      • Shanidar, Iraq
  • Human Characteristics
    • Walking Upright
    • Tools & Food
    • Bodies
    • Brains
    • Social Life
    • Language & Symbols
    • Humans Change the World
  • Education
    • Introduction to Human Evolution
    • Lesson Plans
      • Nuts and bolts classification: Arbitrary or not? (Grades 6-8)
      • Patterns of Human Genetic Diversity (Grades 9-12)
      • Patterns of Human Phenotypic Diversity (Grades 9-12)
      • The Origins and Evolution of Human Bipedality (Grades 9-12)
      • Comparison of Human and Chimp Chromosomes (Grades 9-12)
      • Hominid Cranial Comparison: The "Skulls" Lab (Grades 9-12)
      • Investigating Common Descent: Formulating Explanations and Models (Grades 9-12)
    • For College Students
    • Fun Facts
      • Why do we get goose bumps?
      • Chickens, chimpanzees, and you - what do they have in common?
      • Grandparents are unique to humans
      • How strong are we?
      • Humans are handy!
      • Humans: the running ape
      • Our big hungry brain!
      • Our eyes say it!
      • The early human tool kit
      • The short-haired human!
      • The “Nutcracker”
      • What can lice tell us about human evolution?
      • What does gut got to do with it?
      • Why do paleoanthropologists love Lucy?
      • Why do we have wisdom teeth?
    • Human Origins Glossary
    • Learning Unity and Diversity in Alabama
    • Teaching Evolution through Human Examples
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Recommended Books
  • Exhibit
    • Exhibit Floorplan
      • Exhibit Floorplan Interactive
      • Print Floorplan PDF
    • Reconstructions of Early Humans
    • Human Origins Traveling Exhibit
      • Chesterfield County Public Library
      • Orange County Library
      • Andover Public Library
      • Ephrata Public Library
      • Oelwein Public Library
      • Cedar City Public Library
      • Milpitas Library
      • Spokane County Library
      • Cottage Grove Public Library
      • Pueblo City-County Library
      • Springfield-Greene County Library
      • Peoria Public Library
      • Orion Township Public Library
      • Skokie Public Library
      • Wyckoff Free Public Library
      • Tompkins County Public Library
      • Otis Library
      • Fletcher Free Library
      • Bangor Public Library
      • Payne Theological Seminary
      • Columbia Theological Seminary
      • Yuma County Library
      • Hood Theological Seminary & Livingstone College
      • Broward County Public Library
    • Human Origins Do it Yourself Exhibit
    • Exhibit Field Trip Guide
  • About Us
    • Acknowledgments
    • Events
    • Human Origins Program Team
    • Broader Social Impacts Committee
      • What We Do
      • Members & Member Resources
        • Leonisa Ardizzone
        • Jim Miller
        • Betty Holley
        • Nancy Howell
        • Wes McCoy
        • Lee Meadows
        • Jamie L. Jensen
        • David Orenstein
        • Michael Tenneson
        • Ilia Delio
        • Fatimah Jackson
        • Shai Cherry
        • Connie Bertka
        • David Haberman (Emeritus)
        • Fred Edwords (Emeritus)
        • Elliot Dorff (Emeritus)
        • Francisca Cho (Emeritus)
        • Peter F. Ryan (Emeritus)
        • Mustansir Mir (Emeritus)
        • Randy Isaac (Emeritus)
        • Mary Evelyn Tucker (Emeritus)
        • Wentzel van Huyssteen (Emeritus)
        • Joe Watkins (Emeritus)
        • Tom Weinandy (Emeritus)
      • Members Thoughts on Science, Religion & Human Origins (video)
      • Science, Religion, Evolution and Creationism: Primer
      • BSIC Public Event Videos and Audio
        • The Evolution of Religious Belief: Seeking Deep Evolutionary Roots
        • Laboring for Science, Laboring for Souls:  Obstacles and Approaches to Teaching and Learning Evolution in the Southeastern United States
        • Public Event : Religious Audiences and the Topic of Evolution: Lessons from the Classroom (video)
        • Evolution and the Anthropocene: Science, Religion, and the Human Future
        • Imagining the Human Future: Ethics for the Anthropocene
        • Human Evolution and Religion: Questions and Conversations from the Hall of Human Origins
        • I Came from Where? Approaching the Science of Human Origins from Religious Perspectives
        • Religious Perspectives on the Science of Human Origins
    • Become Involved
      • Submit Your Response to "What Does It Mean To Be Human?"
      • Volunteer Opportunities
      • Submit Question
    • Products
      • "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche)
      • What Does It Mean To Be Human? (book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan)
    • For Press
  • Multimedia
    • Slideshows
      • Bronze Statues
      • Reconstructed Faces
    • Videos
    • Audio
  • FAQ
  • Support Our Work